Theory: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Economic Sciences in 1998, this Bengali-born Harvard professor is the only non-American to win the National Humanities Medal (presented by Barack Obama). Most famous as a development economist and his research on famines as well as India's "missing women", his books and articles are compulsory reading for students of development. He introduced and refined his capability approach in books such as "Development As Freedom" (1999) and "The Idea Of Justice" (2009). Name him.
Amartya Sen, Sen